齐鲁晚报·齐鲁壹点记者 王娟 王晓莹 绘画 徐进 实习生 康云霞
军争篇 Maneuvering
【原文】
孙子曰：凡用兵之法，将受命于君，合军聚众，交和而舍，莫难于军争。军争之难者，以迂为直，以患为利。故迂其途，而诱之以利，后人发，先人至，此知迂直之计者也。
故军争为利，军争为危。举军而争利，则不及；委军而争利，则辎重捐。是故卷甲而趋，日夜不处，倍道兼行，百里而争利，则擒三将军，劲者先，疲者后，其法十一而至；五十里而争利，则蹶上将军，其法半至；三十里而争利，则三分之二至。是故军无辎重则亡，无粮食则亡，无委积则亡。
故不知诸侯之谋者，不能豫交；不知山林、险阻、沮泽之形者，不能行军；不用乡导者，不能得地利。故兵以诈立，以利动，以分合为变者也。故其疾如风，其徐如林，侵掠如火，不动如山，难知如阴，动如雷震。掠乡分众，廓地分利，悬权而动。先知迂直之计者胜，此军争之法也。
《军政》曰：“言不相闻，故为金鼓；视不相见，故为旌旗。”夫金鼓旌旗者，所以一人之耳目也；人既专一，则勇者不得独进，怯者不得独退，此用众之法也。故夜战多火鼓，昼战多旌旗，所以变人之耳目也。
故三军可夺气，将军可夺心。是故朝气锐，昼气惰，暮气归。故善用兵者，避其锐气，击其惰归，此治气者也。以治待乱，以静待哗，此治心者也。以近待远，以佚待劳，以饱待饥，此治力者也。无邀正正之旗，无击堂堂之陈，此治变者也。
故用兵之法，高陵勿向，背丘勿逆，佯北勿从，锐卒勿攻，饵兵勿食，归师勿遏，围师必阙，穷寇勿迫。此用兵之法也。
【译文】
孙子说：大凡用兵作战的原则，从主将接受国君的命令，到征集民众组成军队，开赴前线与敌人对阵，没有什么比掌握夺取制胜的主动权更困难的了。夺取制胜的主动权的困难之处，就在于要把迂回曲折的途径变为捷径，把不利变为有利。所以故意迂回绕道，并用小利引诱敌人在途中滞留，这样我军做到比敌人后出动而先到达，这就是懂得以迂为直的计谋了。
所以，军争既有有利的一面，又有有害的一面。如果全军带着辎重去争利，就会行动迟缓而赶不上；如果放下辎重去争利，辎重就会损失。因此，卷起铠甲迅捷进军，昼夜不停，加倍的急速行军，走上百里去和敌人争利，三军将领有可能全部被俘，健壮的士兵先到了，疲弱的士兵就掉队了，这种办法的结果，只有十分之一的人马赶到；走上五十里路程去和敌人争利，前军将领就可能遭受挫败，这种办法的结果是只有一半人马赶到；走上三十里路程去和敌人争利，那也只有三分之二的人马能够赶到。因此，军队没有辎重就会失败，没有粮食就不能生存，没有物资储备就不能坚持作战。
所以，不了解诸侯列国的谋略，就不能预先结交；不熟悉山林、险阻、沼泽等地形的，就不能行军；不用向导的，就不能得到地利。所以，用兵打仗要善于用诈的办法取胜，根据对我是否有利而采取相应行动，兵力分散与集中，应根据情况变化而变化。因此，军队急速进军时像迅猛的狂风，缓慢行进时犹如严整不乱的森林，进攻敌人时如燎原的烈火，坚守时像绝难撼动的山岳，隐蔽时似浓云遮蔽了日月，行动时犹如雷击电闪，威震四方。掠取敌人作战物资要分出一部分奖励部下。扩大疆土要分给有功者，要权衡利害形势并相机而动。先懂得以迂为直计谋的就能取胜，这就是军争的原则。
《军政》中说：“说话相互听不见，所以设置金鼓；眼睛相互看不见，所以设置旌旗。”金鼓、旌旗，是用来统一人的视听。人们的视听既然统一了，那么勇敢的人就不会单独冒进，怯懦的人也不会单独后退了，这是指挥部队作战的方法。所以，夜间指挥作战多用火和鼓，白天指挥作战多用旌旗，之所以这样，是为了适应士兵的视听。
因此，对敌人三军，可以使其挫伤士气；对敌将，可以使其动摇决心。这是因为军队初战时士气旺盛，过后士气就逐渐懈怠，最终士气就衰竭了。所以善于用兵的人，总是避开敌人的锐气，到敌人士气松懈、消沉时再发起猛攻，这是掌握军队士气的方法。用自己的严整来对待敌人的混乱，用自己的镇静来对待敌人的骚动，这是掌握军心的方法。以自己接近战场来对待远道而来的敌人，以自己的安逸休整来对待奔走疲劳的敌人，以自己的粮草充足来对待饥饿的敌人，这是掌握军队战斗力的方法。不要迎击旗帜严整的敌军，不要攻击阵容强大的敌军，这是掌握灵活机动战术的方法。
所以用兵的原则是：据高陵之敌，不要仰攻他；背靠高丘之敌，不要迎击他；敌人假装败走，不要跟踪追击；敌人锐气正盛，不要轻易去进攻；敌人用兵作诱饵，不要上当受骗;敌人退回本国，不要去阻截拦击;包围敌人，一定要缺开一面;敌人陷入绝境，不要去逼迫。这些，就是用兵的一般原则。
【英文】
Sun Tzu said: In war, the general receives his commands from the sovereign. Having collected an army and concentrated his forces, he must blend and harmonize the different elements thereof before pitching his camp. After that, comes tactical maneuvering, than which there is nothing more difficult. The difficulty of tactical maneuvering consists in turning the devious into the direct, and misfortune into gain. Thus, to take a long and circuitous route, after enticing the enemy out of the way, and though starting after him, to contrive to reach the goal before him, shows knowledge of the artifice of deviation.
Maneuvering with an army is advantageous; with an undisciplined multitude, most dangerous. If you set a fully equipped army in march in order to snatch an advantage, the chances are that you will be too late. On the other hand, to detach a flying column for the purpose involves the sacrifice of its baggage and stores. Thus, if you order your men to roll up their buff-coats, and make forced marches without halting day or night, covering double the usual distance at a stretch, doing a hundred Li in order to wrest an advantage, the leaders of all your three divisions will fall into the hands of the enemy. The stronger men will be in front, the jaded ones will fall behind, and on this plan only one-tenth of your army will reach its destination. If you march fifty Li in order to outmaneuver the enemy, you will lose the leader of your first division, and only half your force will reach the goal. If you march thirty Li with the same object, two-thirds of your army will arrive. We may take it then that an army without its baggage-train is lost; without provisions it is lost; without bases of supply it is lost.
We cannot enter into alliances until we are acquainted with the designs of our neighbors. We are not fit to lead an army on the march unless we are familiar with the face of the country—its mountains and forests, its pitfalls and precipices, its marshes and swamps. We shall be unable to turn natural advantage to account unless we make use of local guides. In war, practice dissimulation, and you will succeed. Whether to concentrate or to divide your troops, must be decided by circumstances. Let your rapidity be that of the wind, your compactness that of the forest. In raiding and plundering be like fire, is immovability like a mountain. Let your plans be dark and impenetrable as night, and when you move, fall like a thunderbolt. When you plunder a countryside, let the spoil be divided amongst your men; when you capture new territory, cut it up into allotments for the benefit of the soldiery. Ponder and deliberate before you make a move. He will conquer who has learnt the artifice of deviation. Such is the art of maneuvering.
The Book of Army Management says: On the field of battle, the spoken word does not carry far enough: hence the institution of gongs and drums. Nor can ordinary objects be seen clearly enough: hence the institution of banners and flags. Gongs and drums, banners and flags, are means whereby the ears and eyes of the host may be focused on one particular point. The host thus forming a single united body, is it impossible either for the brave to advance alone, or for the cowardly to retreat alone. This is the art of handling large masses of men. In night-fighting, then, make much use of signal-fires and drums, and in fighting by day, of flags and banners, as a means of influencing the ears and eyes of your army.
A whole army may be robbed of its spirit; a commander-in-chief may be robbed of his presence of mind. Now a soldier's spirit is keenest in the morning; by noonday it has begun to flag; and in the evening, his mind is bent only on returning to camp. A clever general, therefore, avoids an army when its spirit is keen, but attacks it when it is sluggish and inclined to return. This is the art of studying moods. Disciplined and calm, to await the appearance of disorder and hubbub amongst the enemy: -this is the art of retaining self-possession. To be near the goal while the enemy is still far from it, to wait at ease while the enemy is toiling and struggling, to be well-fed while the enemy is famished: -this is the art of husbanding one's strength. To refrain from intercepting an enemy whose banners are in perfect order, to refrain from attacking an army drawn up in calm and confident array: -this is the art of studying circumstances.
It is a military axiom not to advance uphill against the enemy, nor to oppose him when he comes downhill. Do not pursue an enemy who simulates flight; do not attack soldiers whose temper is keen. Do not swallow bait offered by the enemy. Do not interfere with an army that is returning home. When you surround an army, leave an outlet free. Do not press a desperate foe too hard. Such is the art of warfare.
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